PascalsTriangleIsSymmetricalAlongItsCentralColumn 2009-08-23 02:46:35 2009-09-15 15:01:06 Corollary Pascal's rule % this is the default PlanetMath preamble. as your knowledge % of TeX increases, you will probably want to edit this, but % it should be fine as is for beginners. % almost certainly you want these \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{amsfonts} % used for TeXing text within eps files %\usepackage{psfrag} % need this for including graphics (\includegraphics) %\usepackage{graphicx} % for neatly defining theorems and propositions %\usepackage{amsthm} % making logically defined graphics %\usepackage{xypic} % there are many more packages, add them here as you need them % define commands here As a consequence of Pascal's rule, we see that Pascal's triangle is symmetrical along its central column (the column containing the central binomial coefficients). Expressing individual values in Pascal's triangle $T$ as $T(n, k)$, with $n$ and $k$ being integers obeying the relation $-1 < k \leq n$, this means that each $T(n, k) = T(n, n - k)$. Since Pascal's triangle is essentially a table in which to look up binomial coefficients, $$T(n, k) = \binom{n}{k}.$$ From Pascal's rule it follows that $T(n, k) = T(n - 1, k - 1) + T(n - 1, k)$. Obviously $T(0, k) = 1$ because there is only one way to choose no items from a collection of $k$ items; likewise, $T(k, k) = 1$ because there is only one way to choose $k$ items from a collection of $k$ items. Therefore, the leftmost and rightmost column of Pascal's triangle are filled with 1's. Almost as obvious is the fact that $T(1, k) = k$ because there are $k$ ways to choose just one item from a collection of $k$ items; likewise, $T(k - 1, k) = k$ because there are $k$ ways to choose all but one item from a collection of $k$ items since leaving out one item in turn can only be done $k$ times in such a collection. From the foregoing, row 1 of Pascal's triangle is {1, 1}, row 2 is {1, 2, 1} and row 3 is {1, 3, 3, 1}. From Pascal's rule it follows that even-numbered rows (with an odd number of columns, and their highest, central value at $T(\frac{k}{2}, k)$) will be symmetrical along the central value if the previous row was also symmetrical, while odd-numbered rows (with an even number of columns, and the highest, central value at both $T(\frac{k - 1}{2}, k)$ and $T(\frac{k + 1}{2}, k)$ will be symmetrical about the central values if the previous row was symmetrical. Since the first three rows are symmetrical, all the following rows are also symmetrical.