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[parent] proof of Taylor's Theorem (Proof)

Let $f(x),\; a<x<b$ be a real-valued, $n$ -times differentiable function, and let $a<x_0<b$ be a fixed base-point. We will show that for all $x\neq x_0$ in the domain of the function, there exists a $\xi$ , strictly between $x_0$ and $x$ such that $$f(x) = \sum_{k=0}^{n-1} f^{(k)}(x_0)\, \frac{(x-x_0)^k}{k!} + f^{(n)}(\xi)\,\frac{(x-x_0)^n}{n!}.$$

Fix $x\neq x_0$ and let $R$ be the remainder defined by $$f(x) = \sum_{k=0}^{n-1} f^{(k)}(x_0)\, \frac{(x-x_0)^k}{k!} + R\,\frac{(x-x_0)^n}{n!}.$$ Next, define $$F(\xi) = \sum_{k=0}^{n-1} f^{(k)}(\xi)\, \frac{(x-\xi)^k}{k!} + R\,\frac{(x-\xi)^n}{n!},\quad a<\xi<b.$$ We then have

$\displaystyle F'(\xi)$ $\displaystyle = f'(\xi)+\sum_{k=1}^{n-1} \left(f^{(k+1)}(\xi)\, \frac{(x-\xi)^k... ...)}(\xi)\, \frac{(x-\xi)^{k-1}}{(k-1)!}\right) - R\,\frac{(x-\xi)^{n-1}}{(n-1)!}$    
  $\displaystyle = f^{(n)}(\xi)\, \frac{(x-\xi)^{n-1}}{(n-1)!}- R\,\frac{(x-\xi)^{n-1}}{(n-1)!}$    
  $\displaystyle = \frac{(x-\xi)^{n-1}}{(n-1)!}\, ( f^{(n)}(\xi)-R),$    

because the sum telescopes. Since, $F(\xi)$ is a differentiable function, and since $F(x_0)=F(x)=f(x)$ , Rolle's Theorem imples that there exists a $\xi$ lying strictly between $x_0$ and $x$ such that $F'(\xi)=0$ . It follows that $R=f^{(n)}(\xi)$ , as was to be shown.




"proof of Taylor's Theorem" is owned by rmilson. [ full author list (2) ]
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Cross-references: Rolle's theorem, telescopes, sum, remainder, strictly, function, domain, base-point, fixed, differentiable function

This is version 5 of proof of Taylor's Theorem, born on 2002-04-05, modified 2005-03-02.
Object id is 2814, canonical name is ProofOfTaylorsTheorem.
Accessed 12088 times total.

Classification:
AMS MSC26A06 (Real functions :: Functions of one variable :: One-variable calculus)

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Still not done by NeuRet on 2002-04-05 16:53:29
As of April 5, 2002, this object is still not finished. I posted it for lack of better means of saving it, but it will be edited shortly hereafter.
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