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'Hermite polynomials'
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| Title of object: |
Hermite polynomials |
| Canonical Name: |
HermitePolynomials |
| Type: |
Definition |
| Created on: |
2005-05-17 09:11:41 |
| Modified on: |
2009-11-13 20:08:31 |
| Classification: |
msc:12D99, msc:26A09, msc:26C05, msc:33B99, msc:33E30 |
Revision comment (for changes between this and next version):
Preamble:
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Content:
The polynomial solutions of the Hermite differential equation, with $n$ a non-negative integer, are usually normed so that the highest \PMlinkname{degree}{PolynomialRing} \PMlinkescapetext{term} is $(2z)^n$ and called the {\em Hermite polynomials} $H_n(z)$.\, The Hermite polynomials may be defined explicitly by
\begin{align}
H_n(z) \;:=\; (-1)^ne^{z^2}\frac{d^n}{dz^n}e^{-z^2},
\end{align}
since this is a polynomial having the highest \PMlinkescapetext{degree term} $(2z)^n$ and satisfying the Hermite equation.\, The equation (1) is the Rodrigues's formula for Hermite polynomials.\, The first six Hermite polynomials are
$H_0(z) \;\equiv\; 1,$\\
$H_1(z) \;\equiv\; 2z,$\\
$H_2(z) \;\equiv\; 4z^2\!-\!2,$\\
$H_3(z) \;\equiv\; 8z^3\!-\!12z,$\\
$H_4(z) \;\equiv\; 16z^4\!-\!48z^2\!+\!12,$\\
$H_5(z) \;\equiv\; 32z^5\!-\!160z^3\!+\!120z,$
and the general \PMlinkescapetext{polynomial form} is
$$H_n(z) \;\equiv\; (2z)^n-\frac{n(n\!-\!1)}{1!}(2z)^{n-2}
+\frac{n(n\!-\!1)(n\!-\!2)(n\!-\!3)}{2!}(2z)^{n-4}-+\ldots$$\\
Differentiating this termwise gives
$$H'_n(z) \;=\; 2n\!\left[(2z)^{n-1}-\frac{(n\!-\!1)(n\!-\!2)}{1!}(2z)^{n-3}+
\frac{(n\!-\!1)(n\!-\!2)(n\!-\!3)(n\!-\!4)}{2!}(2z)^{n-5}-+\ldots\right]\!,$$
i.e.
\begin{align}
H'_n(z) \;=\; 2nH_{n-1}(z).
\end{align}
We shall now show that the Hermite polynomials form an \PMlinkname{orthogonal set}{OrthogonalPolynomials} on the interval \,$(-\infty,\,\infty)$\, with the \PMlinkname{weight factor}{OrthogonalPolynomials} $e^{-x^2}$.\, Let\,
$m < n$;\, using (1) and \PMlinkname{integrating by parts}{IntegrationByParts} we get
\begin{align*}
(-1)^n\!\int_{-\infty}^\infty H_m(x)H_n(x)e^{-x^2}\,dx &\;=\;
\int_{-\infty}^\infty H_m(x)\frac{d^ne^{-x^2}}{dx^n}\,dx\\ &\;=\;
\sijoitus{-\infty}{\quad\infty}\!H_m(x)\frac{d^{n-1}e^{-x^2}}{dx^{n-1}}
-\int_{-\infty}^\infty H'_m(x)\frac{d^{n-1}e^{-x^2}}{dx^{n-1}}\,
dx.
\end{align*}
The substitution portion here equals to zero because $e^{-x^2}$ and its derivatives vanish at $\pm\infty$.\, Using then (2) we obtain
$$\int_{-\infty}^\infty H_m(x)H_n(x)e^{-x^2}\,dx \;=\;
2(-1)^{1+n}m\int_{-\infty}^\infty H_{m-1}(x)\frac{d^{n-1}e^{-x^2}}{dx^{n-1}}\,dx.$$
Repeating the integration by parts gives the result
\begin{align*}
\int_{-\infty}^\infty H_m(x)H_n(x)e^{-x^2}\,dx &\;=\;
2^m(-1)^{m+n}m!\int_{-\infty}^\infty H_0(x)\frac{d^{n-m}e^{-x^2}}{dx^{n-m}}\,dx\\ &\;=\;
2^m(-1)^{m+n}m!\!\sijoitus{-\infty}{\quad\infty}\frac{d^{n-m-1}e^{-x^2}}{dx^{n-m-1}} \;=\; 0,
\end{align*}
whereas in the case\, $m = n$\, the result
$$\int_{-\infty}^\infty (H_n(x))^2e^{-x^2}\,dx \;=\;
2^n(-1)^{2n}n!\int_{-\infty}^\infty e^{-x^2}\,dx \;=\; 2^nn!\sqrt{\pi}$$
(see area under Gaussian curve).
The results \PMlinkescapetext{mean} that the functions \,$x \mapsto\frac{H_n(x)}{\sqrt{2^nn!\sqrt{\pi}}}e^{-\frac{x^2}{2}}$\, form an orthonormal set on\, $(-\infty,\,\infty)$.\\
The Hermite polynomials are used in the quantum mechanical treatment of a harmonic oscillator, the wave functions of which have the form
$$\xi \;\,\mapsto\,\; \Psi_n(\xi) \;=\; C_nH_n(\xi)e^{-\frac{\xi^2}{2}}.$$ |
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