angle multiplication and division formulae for tangent

From the angle addition formula for the tangent, we may derive formulae for tangents of multiples of angles:

	$\displaystyle\tan(2x)$	$\displaystyle={2\tan x\over 1-\tan^{2}x}$
	$\displaystyle\tan(3x)$	$\displaystyle={3\tan x-\tan^{3}x\over 1-3\tan^{2}x}$
	$\displaystyle\tan(4x)$	$\displaystyle={4\tan x-3\tan^{3}x\over 1-6\tan^{2}x+\tan^{4}x}$

These formulae may be derived from a recursion. Write $\tan x=w$ and write $\tan(nx)=u_{n}/v_{n}$ where the $u$ ’s and the $v$ ’s are polynomials in $w$ . Then we have the initial values $u_{1}=w$ and $v_{1}=1$ and the recursions

	$\displaystyle u_{n+1}$	$\displaystyle=u_{n}+wv_{n}$
	$\displaystyle v_{n+1}$	$\displaystyle=v_{n}-wu_{n},$

which follow from the addition formula. Moreover, if we know the tangent of an angle and are interested in finding the tangent of a multiple of that angle, we may use our recursions directly without first having to derive the multiple angle formulae. From these recursions, one may show that the $u$ ’s will only involve odd powers of $w$ and the $v$ ’s will only involve even powers of $w$ .

Proceeding in the opposite direction, one may consider bisecting an angle. Solving for $\tan x$ in the duplication formula above, one arrives at the following half-angle formula:

\tan\left({x\over 2}\right)=\sqrt{1+{1\over\tan^{2}x}}-{1\over\tan x}

Expressing the tangent in terms of sines and cosines and simplifying, one finds the following equivalent formulae:

\tan\left({x\over 2}\right)={1-\cos x\over\sin x}={\sin x\over 1+\cos x}=\pm% \sqrt{1-\cos x\over 1+\cos x}

Title	angle multiplication and division formulae for tangent
Canonical name	AngleMultiplicationAndDivisionFormulaeForTangent
Date of creation	2013-03-22 17:00:15
Last modified on	2013-03-22 17:00:15
Owner	rspuzio (6075)
Last modified by	rspuzio (6075)
Numerical id	8
Author	rspuzio (6075)
Entry type	Result
Classification	msc 26A09