Analytic geometry is the branch of geometry that uses mathematical analysis and algebraic calculations for investigating geometric problems. Many such problems can be put into the form of equations, and, by analyzing these equations, one may obtain solutions which can be interpreted geometrically.

The fundamental idea behind analytic geometry is that the position of any point on a plane can be given by an ordered pair of real numbers and any point in space by an ordered triple of real numbers; for this purpose, one has to have a coordinate system which determines the values of the numbers which serve as the coordinates of the points. The correspondence of the points on a plane and the ordered pairs (and similarly the points in space and the ordered triples) is a bijection. A locus condition for a line or a curve on the plane as well as for a line, a curve, or a surface in space may then be expressed as an equation or a system of equations.

For example, if we want to study the line which passes through the points corresponding to the ordered pairs and , one can infer that all points of this line satisfy the equation

The coordinate system was introduced and applied by René Descartes in 1637 in his work Géométrie. Thus, Descartes is considered to be the founder of analytic geometry.