A subset of a topological space is called clopen if it is both open and closed.

Proof. The first follows by the definition of a topology, the second by noting that complements of open sets are closed, and vice versa, and the third by noting that this property holds for both open and closed sets.

One application of clopen sets is that they can be used to describe connectness. In particular, a topological space is connected if and only if its only clopen subsets are itself and the empty set.

If a space has finitely many connected components then each connected component is clopen. This may not be the case if there are infinitely many components, as the case of the rational numbers demonstrates.