general linear group

Given a vector space $V$ , the general linear group $\GL(V)$ is defined to be the group of invertible linear transformations from $V$ to $V$ . The group operation is defined by composition: given $T: V \longrightarrow V$ and $T': V \longrightarrow V$ in $\GL(V)$ , the product $TT'$ is just the composition of the maps $T$ and $T'$ .

If $V = \mathbb{F}^n$ for some field $\mathbb{F}$ , then the group $\GL(V)$ is often denoted $\GL(n,\mathbb{F})$ or $\GL_n(\mathbb{F})$ . In this case, if one identifies each linear transformation $T: V \longrightarrow V$ with its matrix with respect to the standard basis, the group $\GL(n,\mathbb{F})$ becomes the group of invertible $n \times n$ matrices with entries in $\mathbb{F}$ , under the group operation of matrix multiplication.

One also discusses the general linear group on a module $M$ over some ring $R$ . There it is the set of automorphisms of $M$ as an $R$ -module. For example, one might take $\GL(\mathbb{Z}\oplus\mathbb{Z})$ ; this is isomorphic to the group of two-by-two matrices with integer entries having determinant $\pm 1$ . If $M$ is a general $R$ -module, there need not be a natural interpretation of $\GL(M)$ as a matrix group.

The general linear group is an example of a group scheme; viewing it in this way ties together the properties of $\GL(V)$ for different vector spaces $V$ and different fields $F$ . The general linear group is an algebraic group, and it is a Lie group if $V$ is a real or complex vector space.

When $V$ is a finite-dimensional Banach space, $\GL(V)$ has a natural topology coming from the operator norm; this is isomorphic to the topology coming from its embedding into the ring of matrices. When $V$ is an infinite-dimensional vector space, some elements of $\GL(V)$ may not be continuous and one generally looks instead at the set of bounded operators.