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isomorphism of rings of real and complex matrices (Theorem)

Note that submatrix notation will be used within this entry. Also, for any positive integer $n$ $M_{n \times n}(R)$ will be used to denote the ring of $n \times n$ matrices with entries from the ring $R$ and $R_n$ will be used to denote the following subring of $M_{2n \times 2n}(\mathbb{R})$

$$R_n=\left\{ P \in M_{2n \times 2n}(\mathbb{R}) : P=\left( \begin{array}{cc} A & B \\ -B & A \end{array} \right) \text{ for some } A,B \in M_{n \times n}(\mathbb{R}) \right\}$$

Theorem   For any positive integer $n$ $R_n \cong M_{n \times n}(\mathbb{C})$
Proof. Define $\varphi \colon R_n \to M_{n \times n}(\mathbb{C})$ by $\displaystyle \varphi \left( \left( \begin{array}{cc} A & B \\ -B & A \end{array} \right) \right) = A+iB$ for $A,B \in M_{n \times n}(\mathbb{R})$

Let $A,B,C,D \in M_{n \times n}(\mathbb{R})$ such that $\displaystyle \varphi \left( \left( \begin{array}{cc} A & B \\ -B & A \end{array} \right) \right) =\varphi \left( \left( \begin{array}{cc} C & D \\ -D & C \end{array} \right) \right)$ Then $A+iB=C+iD$ Therefore, $A=C$ and $B=D$ Hence, $\displaystyle \left( \begin{array}{cc} A & B \\ -B & A \end{array} \right) = \left( \begin{array}{cc} C & D \\ -D & C \end{array} \right)$ It follows that $\varphi$ is injective.

Let $Z \in M_{n \times n}(\mathbb{C})$ Then there exist $X,Y \in M_{n \times n}(\mathbb{R})$ such that $X+iY=Z$ Since $\varphi \left( \left( \begin{array}{cc} X & Y \\ -Y & X \end{array} \right) \right)=X+iY=Z$ it follows that $\varphi$ is surjective.

Let $A,B,C,D \in M_{n \times n}(\mathbb{R})$ Then

$\begin{array}{rl} \displaystyle \varphi \left( \left( \begin{array}{cc} A & B \\ -B & A \end{array} \right) + \left( \begin{array}{cc} C & D \\ -D & C \end{array} \right) \right) & \displaystyle =\varphi \left( \left( \begin{array}{cc} A+C & B+D \\ -B-D & A+C \end{array} \right) \right) \\ \\ & =A+C+i(B+D) \\ \\ & =A+iB+C+iD \\ \\ & \displaystyle =\varphi \left( \left( \begin{array}{cc} A & B \\ -B & A \end{array} \right) \right) + \varphi \left( \left( \begin{array}{cc} C & D \\ -D & C \end{array} \right) \right) \end{array}$

and

$\begin{array}{rl} \displaystyle \varphi \left( \left( \begin{array}{cc} A & B \\ -B & A \end{array} \right) \left( \begin{array}{cc} C & D \\ -D & C \end{array} \right) \right) & \displaystyle =\varphi \left( \left( \begin{array}{cc} AC-BD & AD+BC \\ -AD-BC & AC-BD \end{array} \right) \right) \\ \\ & =AC-BD+i(AD+BC) \\ \\ & =(A+iB)(C+iD) \\ \\ & \displaystyle =\varphi \left( \left( \begin{array}{cc} A & B \\ -B & A \end{array} \right) \right) \varphi \left( \left( \begin{array}{cc} C & D \\ -D & C \end{array} \right) \right) . \end{array}$

It follows that $\varphi$ is an isomorphism. $ \qedsymbol$




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Cross-references: surjective, injective, subring, matrices, ring, integer, positive

This is version 7 of isomorphism of rings of real and complex matrices, born on 2006-09-30, modified 2007-11-26.
Object id is 8403, canonical name is IsomorphismOfRingsOfRealAndComplexMatrices.
Accessed 1271 times total.

Classification:
AMS MSC15A21 (Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory :: Canonical forms, reductions, classification)
 15A33 (Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory :: Matrices over special rings )
 15-01 (Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory :: Instructional exposition )

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