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Van Kampen's theorem (Theorem)

Van Kampen's theorem is usually stated as follows:

Theorem 1   Let $ X$ be a connected topological space, $ X_k$ $ k=1,2$ two connected subspaces such that $ X=X_1\cup X_2$, and $ X_0:=X_1\cap X_2$ is connected. Let further $ *\in X_0$ and $ i_k\colon\thinspace \pi_1(X_0,*)\to\pi_1(X_k,*)$, $ j_k\colon\thinspace \pi_1(X_k,*)\to\pi_1(X,*)$ be induced by the inclusions for $ k=1,2$. Then
$\displaystyle \pi_1(X,*)=\pi_1(X_1,*)\bigstar_{\pi_1(X_0,*)}\pi_1(X_2,*)\,,$
that is, the fundamental group of $ X$ is the free product of the fundamental groups of $ X_1$ and $ X_2$ with amalgamated subgroup the fundamental group of $ X_0$.

There is also a “basepoint-free” version about fundamental groupoids:

Theorem 2   The fundamental groupoid functor preserves pushouts. That is, given a commutative diagram of spaces where all maps are inclusions
$\displaystyle \begin{xy} *!C\xybox{ \xymatrix{ &{X_1}\ar[dr]^{j_1}&\ {X_0}\ar[ur]^{i_1}\ar[dr]_{i_2} & & {X}\ &{X_2}\ar[ur]_{j_2}& } } \end{xy}$
there is an induced pushout diagram in the category of groupoids:
$\displaystyle \begin{xy} *!C\xybox{ \xymatrix{ &{\Pi_1(X_1)}\ar[dr]^{\Pi_1(j_1)... ...{\Pi_1(i_2)} & & {\Pi_1(X)}\ &{\Pi_1(X_2)}\ar[ur]_{\Pi_1(j_2)} & } } \end{xy}$

Notice that in the basepoint-free version it is not required that the spaces are connected.

Bibliography

1
R. Brown, Topology and Groupoids, Booksurge PLC (2006).



"Van Kampen's theorem" is owned by RonaldBrown. [ full author list (2) | owner history (2) ]
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Other names:  Seifert-Van Kampen theorem

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Van Kampen's theorem result (Result) by mathcam
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Cross-references: groupoids, category, induced, maps, commutative diagram, pushouts, preserves, functor, fundamental groupoids, subgroup, free product, fundamental group, inclusions, subspaces, topological space, connected
There are 2 references to this entry.

This is version 4 of Van Kampen's theorem, born on 2003-01-30, modified 2008-05-07.
Object id is 3947, canonical name is VanKampensTheorem.
Accessed 10580 times total.

Classification:
AMS MSC55Q05 (Algebraic topology :: Homotopy groups :: Homotopy groups, general; sets of homotopy classes)

Pending Errata and Addenda
1. Free product with an amalgated subgroup by ceem on 2008-03-25 13:20:00
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