PlanetMath (more info)
 Math for the people, by the people.
Encyclopedia | Requests | Forums | Docs | Wiki | Random | RSS  
Login
create new user
name:
pass:
forget your password?
Main Menu
sections
Encyclopædia
Papers
Books
Expositions

meta
Requests (211)
Orphanage
Unclass'd (1)
Unproven (472)
Corrections (36)
Classification

talkback
Polls
Forums
Feedback
Bug Reports

downloads
Snapshots
PM Book

information
News
Docs
Wiki
ChangeLog
TODO List
Legalese
About
Owner confidence rating: Very high Entry average rating: No information on entry rating
way below (Definition)

Let $ P$ be a poset and $ a,b\in P$. $ a$ is said to be way below $ b$, written $ a\ll b$, if for any directed set $ D\subseteq P$ such that $ \bigvee D$ exists and that $ b\le \bigvee D$, then there is a $ d\in D$ such that $ a\le d$.

First note that if $ a\ll b$, then $ a\le b$ since we can set $ D=\lbrace b\rbrace$, and if $ P$ is finite, we have the converse (since $ \bigvee D\in D$). So, given any element $ b\in P$, what exactly are the elements that are way below $ b$? Below are some examples that will throw some light:

Examples

  1. Let $ P$ be the poset given by the Hasse diagram below:
    $\displaystyle \begin{xy} *!C\xybox{ \xymatrix{ & & b \ar@{.}[d] \ar@{.}[dll] \a... ...] & r \ar@{-}[dl] \ s & t \ar@{-}[d] & u \ar@{-}[dl] \ & v & & } } \end{xy}$
    where the dotted lines denote infinite chains between the end points. First, note that every element in $ P$ is below ($ \le$) $ b$. However, only $ v$ is way below $ b$. $ u$, for example, is not way below $ b$, because $ D=\lbrace x \mid p\le x< b \rbrace$ is a directed set such that $ \bigvee D=b$ and non of the elements in $ D$ are above $ u$. This illustrates the fact that if $ P$ has a bottom, it is way below everything else.
  2. Suppose $ P$ is a lattice. Then $ a\ll b$ iff for any set $ D$ such that $ \bigvee D$ exists and $ b\le \bigvee D$, there is a finite subset $ F\subseteq D$ such that $ a\le \bigvee F$.
    Proof. $ (\Rightarrow)$. Suppose $ a\ll b$. Let $ D$ be the set in the assumption. Let $ E$ be the set of all finite joins of elements of $ D$. Then $ D\subseteq E$. Also, every element of $ E$ is bounded above by $ \bigvee D$. If $ t$ is an upper bound of elements of $ E$, then it is certainly an upper bound of elements of $ D$, and hence $ \bigvee D\le t$. So $ \bigvee D$ is the least upper bound of elements of $ E$, or $ \bigvee E=\bigvee D$. Furthermore, $ E$ is directed. So there is an element $ e\in E$ such that $ a\le e$. But $ e=\bigvee F$ for some finite subset of $ D$, and this completes one side of the proof.

    $ (\Leftarrow)$. Let $ D$ be a directed set such that $ \bigvee D$ exists and $ b\le \bigvee D$. There is a finite subset $ F$ of $ D$ such that $ a\le \bigvee F$. Since $ D$ is directed, there is an element $ d\in D$ such that $ d$ is the upper bound of elements of $ F$. So $ a\le d$, completing the other side of the proof. $ \qedsymbol$

  3. With the above assertion, we see that, for example, in the lattice of subgroups $ L(G)$ of a group $ G$, $ H\ll K$ iff $ H$ is finitely generated. Other similar examples can be found in the lattice of two-sided ideals of a ring, and the lattice of subspaces (projective geometry) of a vector space.
  4. In particular, if $ P$ is a chain, then $ a\le b$ implies that $ a\ll b$. If $ D$ is a set such that $ \bigvee D$ exists and $ b\le \bigvee D$, then there is a $ d\in D$ such that $ b\le d$ (otherwise $ b$ is an upper bound of elements of $ D$ and $ \bigvee D\le b$), so $ a\le d$.
  5. Here's an example where $ a\ll b$ in $ P$ but $ a$ is not the bottom of $ P$. Take two complete infinite chains $ C_1$ and $ C_2$ with bottom 0 and $ 1$, and let $ P$ be their product $ P=C_1\times C_2$. What elements are way below $ (1,1)$? First, take $ D=\lbrace (a,1)\mid 0\le a<1 \rbrace$. Since $ P$ is complete, $ \bigvee D=(1,1)$, but every element of $ D$ is stricly less than $ (1,1)$, so $ (1,1)$ is not way below itself. What about elements of the form $ (a,1)$, $ a\ne 1$? If we take $ D=\lbrace (1,b)\mid 0\le b<1 \rbrace$, then $ \bigvee D=(1,1)$ once again. But no elements of $ D$ are above $ (a,1)$. So $ (a,1)$ can not be way below $ (1,1)$. Similarly, neither can $ (1,b)$ be way below $ (1,1)$. Finally, what about $ (a,b)$ for $ a<1$ and $ b<1$? If $ D$ is a set with $ \bigvee D=(1,1)$, then $ \bigvee D_1=1$ and $ \bigvee D_2=1$, where $ D_1=\lbrace x\mid (x,1)\in D\rbrace$ and $ D_2=\lbrace y\mid (1,y)\in D\rbrace$. Since $ C_1$ and $ C_2$ are chains, $ a\le 1$ implies that there is an $ s\in D_1$ such that $ a\le s$. Similarly, there is a $ t\in D_2$ such that $ b\le t$. Together, $ (a,b)\le (s,t)\in D$. So $ (a,b)\ll (1,1)$.
  6. Let $ X$ be a topological space and $ L(X)$ be the lattice of open sets in $ X$. Suppose $ U,V\in L(X)$ and $ U\le V$. If there is a compact subset $ C$ such that $ U\subseteq C \subseteq V$, then $ U\ll V$.

Remarks.

  • In a lattice $ L$, $ a\ll a$ iff $ a$ is a compact element. This follows directly from the assertion above. In fact, a compact element can be defined in a general poset as an element that is way below itself.
  • If we remove the condition that $ D$ be directed in the definition above, then $ a$ is said to be way way below $ b$.

Bibliography

1
G. Gierz, K. H. Hofmann, K. Keimel, J. D. Lawson, M. W. Mislove, D. S. Scott, Continuous Lattices and Domains, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2003).



"way below" is owned by CWoo.
(view preamble)

View style:

Other names:  way way below, way-below, way-way-below
Also defines:  way below relation, way way below relation
Log in to rate this entry.
(view current ratings)

Cross-references: compact element, compact subset, open sets, topological space, implies, chain, vector space, projective geometry, subspaces, ring, two-sided ideals, similar, finitely generated, group, lattice of subgroups, side, completes, least upper bound, upper bound, bounded, joins, subset, iff, lattice, bottom, end points, infinite chains, lines, Hasse diagram, converse, finite, directed set, poset
There are 4 references to this entry.

This is version 7 of way below, born on 2007-01-29, modified 2007-04-21.
Object id is 8844, canonical name is WayBelow.
Accessed 1706 times total.

Classification:
AMS MSC: 06A99 (Order, lattices, ordered algebraic structures :: Ordered sets :: Miscellaneous)
 06B35 (Order, lattices, ordered algebraic structures :: Lattices :: Continuous lattices and posets, applications)
Pending Errata and Addenda
None.
Discussion
Style: Expand: Order:
forum policy

No messages.

Interact
post | correct | update request | add derivation | add example | add (any)