# direct sum of matrices

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\subsubsection*{Direct sum of matrices}

Let $A$ be an $m\times n$ matrix and $B$ be a $p\times q$ matrix.  By the direct sum of $A$ and $B$, written $A\oplus B$, we mean the $(m+p)\times (n+q)$ matrix of the form
$$\begin{pmatrix} A & O \\ O & B \end{pmatrix}$$
where the $O$'s represent zero matrices.  The $O$ on the top right is an $m\times q$ matrix, while the $O$ on the bottom left is $n\times p$.

For example, if $A=\begin{pmatrix} 3 &-1\\ 2&5\end{pmatrix}$ and $B=\begin{pmatrix} 1&2\\ 4&0\\ -7&8 \end{pmatrix}$, then
$$\begin{pmatrix} A & O \\ O & B \end{pmatrix}= \begin{pmatrix} 3&-1 & 0&0 \\ 2&5 & 0&0 \\ 0&0 & 1&2 \\ 0&0 & 4&2 \\ 0&0 & -7&8 \\ \end{pmatrix}$$
\textbf{Remark}.
It is not hard to see that the $\oplus$ operation on matrices is associative: $$(A\oplus B)\oplus C = A \oplus (B\oplus C),$$ because both sides lead to
$$\begin{pmatrix} A & O & O \\ O & B & O \\ O & O & C \end{pmatrix}$$
In fact, we can inductively define the direct sum of $n$ matrices unambiguously.

\subsubsection*{Direct sums of linear transformations}
The direct sum of matrices is closely related to the direct sum of vector spaces and linear transformations.  Let $A$ and $B$ be as above, over some field $k$.  We may view $A$ and $B$ as linear transformations $T_A:k^n\to k^m$ and $T_B: k^q\to k^p$ using the standard ordered bases.  Then $A\oplus B$ may be viewed as the linear transformation $$T_{A\oplus B}: k^{n+q}\to k^{m+p}$$ using the standard ordered basis, such that
\begin{itemize}
\item the restriction of $T_{A\oplus B}$ to the subspace $k^n$ (embedded in $k^{n+q}$) is $T_A$, and
\item the restriction of $T_{A\oplus B}$ to $k^q$ is $T_B$.
\end{itemize}

The above suggests that we can define direct sums on linear transformations.  Let $T_1:V_1\to W_1$ and $T_2:V_2\to W_2$ be linear transformations, where $V_i$ and $W_j$ are finite dimensional vector spaces over some field $k$ such that $V_1\cap V_2=0$.  Then define $T_1\oplus T_2: V_1\oplus V_2 \to W_1\oplus W_2$ such that for any $v\in V_1\oplus V_2$, $$(T_1\oplus T_2)(v_1,v_2):=(T_1(v_1),T_2(v_2))$$ where $v_i\in V_i$.
Based on this definition, it is not hard to see that $$T_{A\oplus B}=T_A \oplus T_B$$ for any matrices $A$ and $B$.

More generally, if $\beta_i$ is an ordered basis for $V_i$, then $\beta:=\beta_1\cup \beta_2$ extending the linear orders on $\beta_i$, such that if $v_i\in \beta_1$ and $v_j\in \beta_2$, then \$v_i