# cross product

The cross product (or vector product) of two vectors in $\mathbb{R}^{3}$ is a vector http://planetmath.org/node/1285orthogonal to the plane of the two vectors being crossed, whose magnitude is equal to the area of the parallelogram defined by the two vectors. Notice there can be two such vectors. The cross product produces the vector that would be in a right-handed coordinate system with the plane.

We write the cross product of the vectors $\mathbf{a}$ and $\mathbf{b}$ as

 $\displaystyle\mathbf{a}\times\mathbf{b}$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle\det\left(\begin{array}[]{ccc}\mathbf{i}&\mathbf{j}&\mathbf{k}\\ a_{1}&a_{2}&a_{3}\\ b_{1}&b_{2}&b_{3}\end{array}\right)$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle(a_{2}b_{3}-a_{3}b_{2})\mathbf{i}+(a_{3}b_{1}-a_{1}b_{3})\mathbf{% j}+(a_{1}b_{2}-a_{2}b_{1})\mathbf{k}$

with $\mathbf{a}=a_{1}\mathbf{i}+a_{2}\mathbf{j}+a_{3}\mathbf{k}$ and $\mathbf{b}=b_{1}\mathbf{i}+b_{2}\mathbf{j}+b_{3}\mathbf{k}$, where $(\mathbf{i},\mathbf{j},\mathbf{k})$ is a right-handed orthonormal basis for $\mathbb{R}^{3}$.

If we regard vectors in $\mathbb{R}^{3}$ as quaternions with real part equal to zero, with $i=\mathbf{i}$, $j=\mathbf{j}$ and $k=\mathbf{k}$, then the cross product of two vectors can be obtained by zeroing the real part of the product of the two quaternions. (A similar construction using octonions instead of quaternions gives a “cross product” in $\mathbb{R}^{7}$ which shares many of the properties of the $\mathbb{R}^{3}$ cross product.)

If we write vectors in the form $\mathbf{a}=\left(\begin{array}[]{c}a_{1}\\ a_{2}\\ a_{3}\end{array}\right)$, then we can express the cross product as

 $\mathbf{a}\times\mathbf{b}=\left(\begin{array}[]{ccc}0&-a_{3}&a_{2}\\ a_{3}&0&-a_{1}\\ -a_{2}&a_{1}&0\end{array}\right)\mathbf{b}.$

The spectrum of this matrix (and therefore of the map $\mathbf{b}\mapsto\mathbf{a}\times\mathbf{b}$) is $\{0,i|\mathbf{a}|,-i|\mathbf{a}|\}$.

## Properties of the cross product

In the following, $\mathbf{a}$, $\mathbf{b}$ and $\mathbf{c}$ will be arbitrary vectors in $\mathbb{R}^{3}$, and $s$ and $t$ will be arbitrary real numbers.

• $\mathbf{a}\times\mathbf{a}=0$.

• $\mathbf{a}\times(\mathbf{b}\times\mathbf{c})+\mathbf{b}\times(\mathbf{c}\times% \mathbf{a})+\mathbf{c}\times(\mathbf{a}\times\mathbf{b})=0$.

• The cross product is a bilinear map. This means that $(s\mathbf{a})\times(t\mathbf{b})=(st)(\mathbf{a}\times\mathbf{b})$, and that the cross product is distributive over vector addition, that is, $\mathbf{a}\times(\mathbf{b}+\mathbf{c})=\mathbf{a}\times\mathbf{b}+\mathbf{a}% \times\mathbf{c}$ and $(\mathbf{b}+\mathbf{c})\times\mathbf{a}=\mathbf{b}\times\mathbf{a}+\mathbf{c}% \times\mathbf{a}$.

• The three properties above mean that the cross product makes $\mathbb{R}^{3}$ into a Lie algebra.

• $\mathbf{a}\times\mathbf{b}$ is orthogonal to both $\mathbf{a}$ and $\mathbf{b}$.

• $\mathbf{a}\times\mathbf{b}=-\mathbf{b}\times\mathbf{a}$.

• The length of $\mathbf{a}\times\mathbf{b}$ is the area of the parallelogram spanned by $\mathbf{a}$ and $\mathbf{b}$, so $|\mathbf{a}\times\mathbf{b}|=|\mathbf{a}||\mathbf{b}|\sin\theta$, where $\theta$ is the angle between $\mathbf{a}$ and $\mathbf{b}$. This gives us an expression for the area of a triangle in $\mathbb{R}^{3}$: if the vertices are at $\mathbf{a}$, $\mathbf{b}$ and $\mathbf{c}$, then the area is $\frac{1}{2}|(\mathbf{a}-\mathbf{c})\times(\mathbf{b}-\mathbf{c})|$, which can be written more symmetrically as $\frac{1}{2}|\mathbf{a}\times\mathbf{b}+\mathbf{b}\times\mathbf{c}+\mathbf{c}% \times\mathbf{a}|$.

• From the above, you can see that the cross product of any vector with $\mathbf{0}$ is $\mathbf{0}$. More generally, the cross product of two parallel vectors is $\mathbf{0}$, since $\sin 0=0$.

• One can also see that $|\mathbf{a}\times\mathbf{b}|^{2}=|\mathbf{a}|^{2}|\mathbf{b}|^{2}-|\mathbf{a}% \cdot\mathbf{b}|^{2}$.

• $\mathbf{a}\times(\mathbf{b}\times\mathbf{c})=(\mathbf{a}\cdot\mathbf{c})% \mathbf{b}-(\mathbf{a}\cdot\mathbf{b})\mathbf{c}$. This is the vector triple product.

• The cross product is rotationally invariant (http://planetmath.org/RotationalInvarianceOfCrossProduct). That is, for any $3\times 3$ rotation matrix $M$ we have $M(\mathbf{a}\times\mathbf{b})=(M\mathbf{a})\times(M\mathbf{b})$.

 Title cross product Canonical name CrossProduct Date of creation 2013-03-22 11:58:52 Last modified on 2013-03-22 11:58:52 Owner yark (2760) Last modified by yark (2760) Numerical id 46 Author yark (2760) Entry type Definition Classification msc 15A90 Classification msc 15A72 Synonym vector product Synonym outer product Related topic Vector Related topic DotProduct Related topic TripleScalarProduct Related topic ExteriorAlgebra Related topic DyadProduct