compass and straightedge construction

In order to define what a compass and straightedge construction is, some preliminary definitions are :

• A compass is a tool which can be used for drawing circles, or arcs thereof, whose radii are sufficiently small, and for measuring lengths.

• A straightedge is a tool which can be used for drawing lines, or segments (http://planetmath.org/LineSegment) thereof.

Some people use the word ruler to refer to the tool that is called a straightedge here. This can cause some confusion, however, because outside of mathematics, a ruler is used to measure any length (http://planetmath.org/BasicLength) desired. This is not a permissible tool for compass and straightedge constructions.

With these preliminaries out of the way, we can now proceed to the main definition.

A compass and straightedge construction is the provable creation of a geometric figure on the Euclidean plane (or complex plane) such that the figure is created using only a compass, a straightedge, and specified geometric figures.

Typically, if no preexisting geometric figure is specified, the tacit assumption is that one can use a line segment of length $1$. Moreover, in such instances, one can specify what length represents $1$, but it must remain constant throughout the construction.

A geometric figure is constructible if it can be made from a compass and straightedge construction.

One has to be very careful with the terminology associated with compass and straightedge constructions. For example, the phrase “A ${20}^{\circ }$ angle is not constructible with compass and straightedge” refers to the fact that a compass and straightedge construction of a ${20}^{\circ }$ angle is not possible using the tacit assumption as described above. As another example, the following is an erroneous argument regarding compass and straightedge constructions:

A line segment of length $\pi$ is constructible because, given a line segment of length $1$, I can extend it as a ray. Then I can measure the distance between the two endpoints with my compass. After that, I can open the compass $\pi$ times wider. Finally, I can mark that distance on the ray from one of the endpoints of the original line segment.

The above argument is one of many reasons why the word provable appears in the definition. One can open the compass however wide one wants, and one can mark arcs and points however one wants, but the construction is invalid unless one can prove indisputably that the construction really is what is stated. In the above example, one cannot prove that the compass was opened exactly $\pi$ times wider than the length of the original line segment.

Compass and straightedge constructions are of historical significance. The ancient Greeks are the most well-known civilization for investigating these constructions on an elementary level. It should be pointed out that the compasses that they used were collapsible. That is, you could open the compass and draw an arc, but immediately after you removed a point of the compass from the plane where you drew the arc, the compass would close completely. It turns out that whether a collapsible compass or a modern-day compass is used to perform these constructions makes no difference. This statement is justified by the fact that one can use a collapsible compass to construct a circle with a given radius at any point as shown by this entry (http://planetmath.org/circlewithgivencenterandgivenradius).

One of the greatest applications of abstract algebra is being able to determine which constructions are possible and which are not. The between constructions and abstract algebra is that the set of all constructible points is in one-to-one correspondence with the elements of the field of constructible numbers. Without abstract algebra, one would be hard pressed to prove statements about constructibility such as “A ${20}^{\circ }$ angle is not constructible with compass and straightedge.”

Title	compass and straightedge construction
Canonical name	CompassAndStraightedgeConstruction
Date of creation	2016-03-14 20:38:32
Last modified on	2016-03-14 20:38:32
Owner	Wkbj79 (1863)
Last modified by	Wkbj79 (1863)
Numerical id	23
Author	Wkbj79 (1863)
Entry type	Definition
Classification	msc 01A20
Classification	msc 51M15
Synonym	straightedge and compass construction
Synonym	ruler and compass construction
Synonym	compass and ruler construction
Related topic	ConstructibleNumbers
Related topic	TheoremOnConstructibleAngles
Related topic	MotivationOfDefinitionOfConstructibleNumbers
Related topic	ClassicalProblemsOfConstructibility
Defines	compass
Defines	straightedge
Defines	ruler
Defines	constructible
Defines	collapsible compass
Defines	collapsible