Émile Lemoine
Émile Michel Hyacinthe Lemoine (November 22, 1840 - February 21, 1912) was a French civil engineer and a mathematician, a geometer in particular. He was educated at a variety of institutions, including the Prytanée National Militaire and, most notably, the École Polytechnique. Lemoine taught as a private tutor for a short period after his graduation from the latter school.
Lemoine is best known for his proof of the existence of the Lemoine point (or the symmedian point) of a triangle. Other mathematical work includes a system he called Géométrographie and a method which related algebraic expressions to geometric objects. He has been called a co-founder of modern triangle geometry, as many of its characteristics are present in his work.
For most of his life, Lemoine was a professor of mathematics at the École Polytechnique. In later years, he worked as a civil engineer in Paris, and he also took an amateur’s interest in music. During his tenure at the École Polytechnique and as a civil engineer, Lemoine published several papers on mathematics, most of which are included in a fourteen-page section
in Nathan Court’s College Geometry
. Additionally, he founded a mathematical journal titled, L’intermédiaire des mathématiciens.
Lemoine was born in Quimper, France, on November 22, 1840, the son of a retired military captain who had participated in the campaigns of the First French Empire occurring after 1807. As a child, he attended the military Prytanée of La Flèche on a scholarship granted because his father had helped found the school. During this early period, he published a journal article in Nouvelles annales de mathématiques, discussing properties of the triangle.
Lemoine was accepted into, the École Polytechnique in Paris at the age of twenty, the same year as his father’s death. As a student there, Lemoine, a presumed trumpet player, helped to found an amateur musical group called “La Trompette,” for which Camille Saint-Saëns composed several pieces. After graduation in 1866, he considered a career in law, but was discouraged by the fact that his advocacy for republican ideology and liberal religious views clashed with the ideals of the incumbent government, the Second French Empire. Instead, he studied and taught at various institutions during this period, studying under J. Kioes at the École d’Architecture and the École des Mines, teaching Uwe Jannsen at the same schools, and studying under Charles-Adolphe Wurtz at the École des Beaux Arts and the École de Médecine. Lemoine also lectured at various scientific institutions in Paris and taught as a private tutor for a period before accepting an appointment as a professor at the École Polytechnique.
In 1870, a laryngeal disease forced him to discontinue his teaching. He took a brief vacation in Grenoble and, when he returned to Paris, he published some of his remaining mathematical research. He also participated and founded several scientific societies and journals, such as the Société Mathématique de France, the Journal de Physique, and the Société de Physique, all in 1871.
As a founding member of the Association Française pour l’Avancement des Sciences, Lemoine presented what became his best-known paper at its 1873 meeting in Lyon. The central focus of this paper concerned the point which bears his name today. Most of the other results discussed in the paper pertained to various concyclic points that could be constructed from the Lemoine point.
Lemoine served in the French military for a time in the years following the publishing of his best-known papers. Discharged during a commune, he afterwards became a civil engineer in Paris. In this career, he rose to the rank of chief inspector, a position he held until 1896. As the chief inspector, he was responsible for the gas supply of the city.
During his tenure as a civil engineer, Lemoine wrote a treatise concerning compass and straightedge constructions entitled La Géométrographie ou l’art des constructions géométriques, which he considered his greatest work, despite the fact that it was not well-received critically. The original title was De la mesure de la simplicité dans les sciences mathématiques, and the original idea for the text would have discussed the concepts Lemoine devised as concerning the entirety of mathematics. Time constraints, however, limited the scope of the paper. Instead of the original idea, Lemoine proposed a simplification of the construction process to a number of basic operations with the compass and straightedge. He presented this paper at a meeting of the Association Française in Oran, Algeria in 1888. The paper, however, did not garner much enthusiasm or interest among the mathematicians gathered there. Lemoine published several other papers on his construction system that same year, including “Sur la mesure de la simplicité dans les constructions géométriques” in the Comptes rendus of the Académie française. He published additional papers on the subject in Mathesis (1888), Journal des mathématiques élémentaires (1889), Nouvelles annales de mathématiques (1892), and the self-published La Géométrographie ou l’art des constructions géométriques, which was presented at the meeting of the Association Française in Pau (1892), and again at Besançon (1893) and Caen (1894).
After this, Lemoine published another series of papers, including a series on what he called “transformation continue” (continuous transformation), which related mathematical equations to geometrical objects. This meaning stood separately from the modern definition of transformation. His papers on this subject included, “Sur les transformations systématiques des formules relatives au triangle” (1891), “Étude sur une nouvelle transformation continue” (1891), “Une règle d’analogies dans le triangle et la spécification de certaines analogies ÃÆÃÂ une transformation dite transformation continue” (1893), and “Applications au tétraèdre de la transformation continue” (1894).
In 1894, Lemoine co-founded another mathematical journal entitled L’intermédiaire des mathématiciens along with Charles Laisant, a friend whom he met at the École Polytechnique. Lemoine had been planning such a journal since early 1893, but thought that he would be too busy to create it. At a dinner with Laisant in March 1893, he suggested the idea of the journal. Laisant cajoled him to create the journal, and so they approached the publisher Gauthier-Villars, which published the first issue in January 1894. Lemoine served as the journal’s first editor, and held the position for several years. The year after the journal’s initial publication, he retired from mathematical research, but continued to support the subject. Lemoine died on February 21, 1912, in his home city of Paris.
This entry was adapted from the Wikipedia article http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile LemoineÉmile Lemoine as of June 6, 2008.
| Title | Émile Lemoine |
|---|---|
| Canonical name | EmileLemoine |
| Date of creation | 2013-03-22 18:07:24 |
| Last modified on | 2013-03-22 18:07:24 |
| Owner | PrimeFan (13766) |
| Last modified by | PrimeFan (13766) |
| Numerical id | 5 |
| Author | PrimeFan (13766) |
| Entry type | Biography |
| Classification | msc 01A60 |
| Classification | msc 01A55 |
| Synonym | Emile Lemoine |
| Synonym | Émile Michel Hyacinthe Lemoine |
| Synonym | Emile Michel Hyacinthe Lemoine |