infimum and supremum for real numbers


Suppose A is a non-empty subset of .  If A is bounded from above, then the axioms of the real numbers imply that there exists a least upper bound for A. That is, there exists an m such that

  1. 1.

    m is an upper bound for A, that is, am for all aA,

  2. 2.

    if M is another upper bound for A, then mM.

Such a number m is called the supremum of A, and it is denoted by supA. It is easy to see that there can be only one least upper bound. If m1 and m2 are two least upper bounds for A. Then m1m2 and m2m1, and m1=m2.

Next, let us consider a set A that is bounded from below. That is, for some m we have ma for all aA.  Then we say that M is a a greatest lower bound for A if

  1. 1.

    M is an lower bound for A, that is, Ma for all aA,

  2. 2.

    if m is another lower bound for A, then mM.

Such a number M is called the infimumMathworldPlanetmath of A, and it is denoted by infA. Just as we proved that the supremum is unique, one can also show that the infimum is unique. The next lemma shows that the infimum exists.

Lemma 1.

Every non-empty set bounded from below has a greatest lower bound.

Proof.

Let m be a lower bound for non-empty set A. In other words, ma for all aA. Let

-A={-a:aA}.

Let us recall the following result from this page (http://planetmath.org/InequalityForRealNumbers); if m is an upper(lower) bound for A, then -m is a lower(upper) bound for -A.

Thus -A is bounded from above by -m. It follows that -A has a least upper bound sup(-A). Now -sup(-A) is a greatest lower bound for A. First, by the result, it is a lower bound for A. Second, if m is a lower bound for A, then -m is a upper bound for -A, and sup(-A)-m, or m-sup(-A). ∎

The proof shows that if A is non-empty and bounded from below, then

infA=-sup(-A).

In consequence, if A is bounded from above, then

supA=-inf(-A).

In many respects, the supremum and infimum are similar to the maximum and minimum, or the largest and smallest element in a set. However, it is important to notice that the infA and supA do not need to belong to A. (See examples below.)

Examples

  1. 1.

    For example, consider the set of negative real numbers

    A={x:x<0}.

    Then  supA=0. Indeed. First, a<0 for all aA, and if a<b for all aA, then 0b.

  2. 2.

    The sequenceMathworldPlanetmath    -(1-11), 1-12,-(1-13), 1-14,-(1-15),   is not convergentMathworldPlanetmathPlanetmath.  The set  A={(-1)n(1-1n):n+}  formed by its members has the infimum -1 and the supremum 1.

Title infimum and supremum for real numbers
Canonical name InfimumAndSupremumForRealNumbers
Date of creation 2013-03-22 15:41:42
Last modified on 2013-03-22 15:41:42
Owner matte (1858)
Last modified by matte (1858)
Numerical id 6
Author matte (1858)
Entry type Topic
Classification msc 54C30
Classification msc 26-00
Classification msc 12D99
Related topic SetsThatDoNotHaveAnInfimum
Related topic Infimum
Related topic Supremum