natural boundary
It is not always possible to analytically continue a
function given in a certain region. It might turn
out that, as one approaches the boundary of the region
(or a portion of the boundary), the function always blows
up, so there is no way of extending it past that portion
of the boundary to a larger region. When this happens,
we say that our function has a natural boundary
.
More formally, we may make a definition as follows:
Definition 1
Let be an open subset of the complex plane
and let be analytic.
Then the natural boundary of is that subset
of such that, if ,
then there exists no open neighborhood of
and no analytic function such that for all .
As an example of this phenomenon, consider the power series
By comparison with the geometric series, it is seen that this
series converges absolutely when :
However, when we try to take the limit , we find that the series diverges. Namely, let be a rational number and let be a positive real variable. Then, if we set , then, when , we have that divides , so . However,
diverges, so our powers series diverges when we try to take
the limit . Since numbers of the
form are dense amongst complex numbers
with norm , it follows that the limit diverges
whenver . Hence, the unit circle
forms
a natural boundary for the function defined by our power series.
Natural boundaries are not so familiar to beginners because
the functions which one encounters in the more elementary
part of the subject, such as algebraic functions, exponential
functions
, and functions defined by linear differential
equations, do not have natural boundaries. To be sure, one
could technically call a singular point a natural boundary,
but this is usually not done, the term “natural boundary”
being reserved for cases where the set on which the
function misbehaves consists of more than just isolated points,
as in the example above.
However, when one gains some more experience and studies more advanced material, then natural boundaries arise rather frequently. For instance, theta functions, elliptic modular functions, and functions defined by non-linear differential equations have natural boundaries. Natural boundaries also play an important role in applications — for instance, in statistical mechanics, phase transitions (such as freezing and boiling) are associated with natural boundaries of the partition function.
Title | natural boundary |
---|---|
Canonical name | NaturalBoundary |
Date of creation | 2013-03-22 16:49:34 |
Last modified on | 2013-03-22 16:49:34 |
Owner | rspuzio (6075) |
Last modified by | rspuzio (6075) |
Numerical id | 7 |
Author | rspuzio (6075) |
Entry type | Definition |
Classification | msc 30A99 |
Classification | msc 30B40 |