polyhedron
At least four definitions of a polyhedron are used.
Combinatorics
In combinatorics a polyhedron is the solution set of a finite system
of linear inequalities. The solution set is in for integer
. Hence, it is a convex set. Each extreme point of such a polyhedron is also called a vertex (or corner point) of the polyhedron. A solution
set could be empty. If the solution set is bounded (that is, is contained in
some sphere) the polyhedron is said to be bounded.
Elementary Geometry
In elementary geometry a polyhedron is a solid bounded by a finite number of plane faces,
each of which is a polygon
. This of course is not a precise definition as it
relies on the undefined term “solid”. Also, this definition allows a polyhedron
to be non-convex.
Careful Treatments of Geometry
In treatments of geometry that are carefully done a definition due to Lennes is
sometimes used [2]. The intent is to rule out certain objects that one does not want
to consider and to simplify the theory of dissection.
A polyhedron is a set of points consisting of a finite set of
triangles
, not all coplanar
, and their interiors such that
-
(i)
every side of a triangle is common to an even number of triangles of the set, and
-
(ii)
there is no subset of such that (i) is true of a proper subset
of .
Notice that condition (ii) excludes, for example, two cubes that are disjoint. But two
tetrahedra having a common edge are allowed. The faces of the polyhedron are the insides
of the triangles. Note that the condition that the faces be triangles
is not important, since a polygon an be dissected into triangles.
Also note since a triangle meets an even number of other triangles,
it is possible to meet 4,6 or any other even number of triangles. So for example,
a configuration of 6 tetrahedra all sharing a common edge is allowed.
By dissections of the triangles one can create a set of triangles in which no face intersects another face, edge or vertex. If this done the polyhedron is said to be .
A convex polyhedron is one such that all its inside points lie on one side of each of the planes of its faces.
An Euler polyhedron is a set of points consisting of a finite set of polygons, not all coplanar, and their insides such that
-
(i)
each edge is common to just two polygons,
-
(ii)
there is a way using edges of from a given vertex to each vertex, and
-
(iii)
any simple polygon made up of edges of , divides the polygons of into two sets and such that any way, whose points are on from any point inside a polygon of to a point inside a polygon of , meets .
A regular polyhedron is a convex Euler polyhedron whose faces are congruent
regular polygons
and whose dihedral angles
are congruent.
It is a theorem, proved here (http://planetmath.org/ClassificationOfPlatonicSolids), that for a regular polyhedron, the number of polygons with the same
vertex is the same for each vertex and that there are 5 types of regular polyhedra.
Notice that a cone, and a cylinder are not polyhedra since they have “faces” that are not polygons.
A simple polyhedron is one that is homeomorphic to a sphere. For such a polyhedron
one has , where is the number of vertices, is the number of edges
and is the number of faces. This is called Euler’s formula.
Algebraic Topology
In algebraic topology another definition is used:
If is a simplicial complex in , then denotes the union of the elements of
, with the subspace topology induced by the topology
of .
is called a polyhedron. If is a finite complex, then
is called a finite polyhedron.
It should be noted that we allow the complex to have an infinite number of
simplexes. As a result, spaces such as and
are polyhedra.
Some authors require the simplicial complex to be locally finite.
That is, given there is a neighborhood
of that meets only finitely many .
References
- 1 Henry George Forder, The Foundations of Euclidean Geometry, Dover Publications, New York , 1958.
- 2 N.J. Lennes, On the simple finite polygon and polyhedron, Amer. J. Math. 33, (1911), p. 37
Title | polyhedron |
Canonical name | Polyhedron |
Date of creation | 2013-03-22 12:14:43 |
Last modified on | 2013-03-22 12:14:43 |
Owner | Mathprof (13753) |
Last modified by | Mathprof (13753) |
Numerical id | 24 |
Author | Mathprof (13753) |
Entry type | Definition |
Classification | msc 51M20 |
Classification | msc 57Q05 |
Related topic | RegularPolygon |
Related topic | Polytope |
Related topic | Diagonal |
Related topic | CubicallyThinHomotopy |
Defines | vertex |
Defines | corner point |
Defines | finite polyhedron |
Defines | locally finite |
Defines | polyhedra |
Defines | bounded polyhedron |
Defines | normal polyhedron |
Defines | regular polyhedron |
Defines | Euler polyhedron |
Defines | convex polyhedron |
Defines | simple polyhedron |