SNCF metric

The following two examples of a metric space (one of which is a real tree) obtained their name from the of the French railway system. Especially malicious rumour has it that if you want to go by train from $x$ to $y$ in France, the most efficient solution is to reduce the problem to going from $x$ to Paris and then from Paris to $y$.

Since their discovery, the intrinsic laws of the French way of going by train have made it around the world and reached the late-afternoon tutorials of first-term mathematics courses in an effort to lighten the moods in the guise of the following definition:

Definition 1 (SNCF metric).

Let $P$ be a point in a metric space $(F,d)$. Then the SNCF metric $d_P$ with respect to $P$ is defined by

It is easy to see that $d_P$ is a metric.

Now, what if the train from $x$ to Paris stops over in $y$ during the ride (or the other way round)? Sure, Paris is a beautiful city, but you wouldn’t always want to go there and back again. To implement this, the geometric notion of “$y$ lies on the straight line defined by $x$ and $P$” is required, so the definition becomes more specialised:

Definition 2 (SNCF metric, enhanced version).

Let $P$ be the origin in the space ${ℝ}^n$ with Euclidean norm $\parallel \cdot {\parallel }_2$. Then the SNCF metric $d_P$ is defined by

The metric space $({ℝ}^n,d_P)$ is, in addition, a real tree since if $x$ and $y$ do not lie on the same http://planetmath.org/node/6962ray from $P$, the only arc in $({ℝ}^n,d_P)$ joining $x$ and $y$ consists of the two ray http://planetmath.org/node/5783segments $xP$ and $yP$. Other injections which are arcs in Euclidean ${ℝ}^n$ do not remain continuous in $({ℝ}^n,d_P)$.

Title	SNCF metric
Canonical name	SNCFMetric
Date of creation	2013-03-22 15:17:25
Last modified on	2013-03-22 15:17:25
Owner	GrafZahl (9234)
Last modified by	GrafZahl (9234)
Numerical id	5
Author	GrafZahl (9234)
Entry type	Example
Classification	msc 51M05
Classification	msc 97A20
Classification	msc 54E35
Related topic	RealTree