modal logic
Introduction
Modal logic is the logic of “necessity” and “possibility”. It is an extension of the classical logic, with two additional unary logical connectives and . The well-formed formulas of modal logic is then the smallest set satisfying the following:
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the propositional variables are well-formed formulas,
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if are (well-formed) formulas, then so are , , , ,
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if is a formula, so are and ,
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and if the logic is first-order, then for any formula , so are and .
Let be the set of all well-formed formulas described above, and the set of all formulas formed with condition 3 removed. Then is just the set of all formulas of the classical logic (the underlying classical logic), and is part of the reason why we call modal logic an extension of the classical logic. The other reasons have to do with semantics and deductions, to be discussed below.
is usually interpreted as “it is necessarily true that ”, and as “it is possibly true that ”.
In order to study the logical truth and valid deductions in modal logic, we need to know how to interpret and . So just what are precisely the meanings of “necessity” and “possibility”? Because of the lack of exact mathematical interpretations of these vague terms, and and more generally, there are a great many kinds of modal logics, than the other well-known logical systems, such as classical logic and intuitionistic logic.
In fact, one can take and to be qualifiers attachable to any propositions (or sentences). So could mean “in South Africa” and “in the U.S.”. Then, if is the sentence “July is a summer month”, then and are read “July is a summer month in South Africa” and “July is a summer month in the U.S.” respectively. Some of the common interpretations of are:
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(alethic logic) is necessarily true
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(provability logic) is provable in PA
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(deontic logic) it ought to be that
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(epistemic logic) it is known that
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(doxastic logic) it is believed that
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(temporal logic) will always be true
Additionally, for most of the modal logics, is ‘defined” in terms of :
(1) |
In the next two subsections, we restrict our attention to only propositional modal logic.
Semantics
As mentioned previously, a modal logic is an extension of the classical logic. As such, tautologies and tautological consequences of valid formulas should be valid in any semantical model of modal logic. More precisely, call a formula in a modal logic prime or quasi-atomic if it is
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either a propositional variable, or
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of the form , where is in .
It is easy to see that any formula in can be built up from quasi-atoms using just (or other connectives, depending on the choice of axiom system for classical propositional logic). In this sense, can be thought of as a classical logic where the propositional variables range over quasi-atoms. Now, let be any semantic model of the , we write
to mean is true in the model . Then,
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if is an instance of a tautology (viewing as the classical propositional logic here), then ,
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if tautologically implies , and if for each , then .
We call a formula in a modal logic a tautology if it is an instance of a tautology of viewed as the classical propositional logic over its quasi-atoms. Therefore, is a tautology, since it is an instance of the tautology . Also, if and are both valid, so is , since may be deduced by modus ponens.
For the majority of the modal logics (known as normal modal logics), the principal semantic model is the Kripke semantics, or possible-world semantics. It is a generalization of the truth-value semantics for the classical propositional logic. A Kripke model consists of a triple where is a non-empty set of elements called possible worlds, is a binary relation on (called accessibility relation), and is a function from the set of atomic propositions (propositional variables) to , the powerset of . Semantic truth condition of a proposition is written
to mean “ is true in possible world in model ”, or if is clear from the context.
The relation is defined recursively as follows:
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if is atomic, then iff
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for no
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iff if then
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iff for all where ,
The truth conditions of , and can be derived. For example, iff there is some where , such that .
If is true in every possible world in , we say that is true in , and write . When is true in every model, then we say that is valid, and write . The formula schema K, for example, is a set of valid formulas. Also, if is valid, it is easy to see that so is valid.
In addition to Kripke semantics, there are also a number of semantic tools, some are lattices with operators, some are systems of open neighborhoods in topological spaces, while others are just variations or generalizations of the Kripke models, such as including more than one binary relation on the possible worlds, or having a subset of the possible worlds called “impossible worlds”.
Axiom Systems
As explained in the previous subsection, tautologies and tautological consequences of valid formulas are valid, in any semantic interpretation of a modal logic. Similarly, in any axiom system for a modal logic:
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tautologies are to be considered axioms (or deducible from axioms), and
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modus ponens as an inference rule.
By including additional schemas of formulas as axioms, and imposing additional inference rules, one arrives at axiom systems for the different kinds of modal logics. Some of the common axioms schemas are listed above: K, 4, 5, D, T, B, and W. Some common inference rules (and their abbreviations) are
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RK: ,
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RR:
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RM:
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RN (necessitation rule):
For example, a widely studied class of modal logics is the class of normal modal logics. A modal logic is normal if its axiom system consists of the axiom schema K and the rule RN.
Remarks.
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Like other logical systems, issues of soundness and completeness of a model with respect to an axiom system, as well as various decidability questions are also studied in modal logic. In addition, questions regarding on the equivalence of axiom systems are also very interesting.
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Extending modal logic, one has the notion of multi-modal logic, where the language of the logical system contains several, sometimes infinitely many, modal connectives. From the discussion above, a modal logic where connectives and are not inter-definable (and therefore must be non-normal) is really an example of a bimodal logic.
References
- 1 B. F. Chellas, Modal Logic, An Introduction, Cambridge University Press (1980)
- 2 R. Goldblatt, Logic of Time and Computation, 2nd Edition, CSLI (1992)
- 3 G. Priest, An Introduction to Non-Classical Logic, Cambridge University Press (2001)
Title | modal logic |
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Canonical name | ModalLogic |
Date of creation | 2013-03-22 19:13:54 |
Last modified on | 2013-03-22 19:13:54 |
Owner | CWoo (3771) |
Last modified by | CWoo (3771) |
Numerical id | 34 |
Author | CWoo (3771) |
Entry type | Topic |
Classification | msc 03B45 |
Related topic | KripkeSemanticsForModalPropositionalLogic |
Defines | quasi-atomic |
Defines | quasi-atom |